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Many gambling enthusiasts in the United States are at least vaguely familiar with the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, US law Pub.L. 100–497, 25 U.S.C. § 2701.
Passed in 1988, this federal law established how Indian (Native American) gaming would be managed and regulated. The act included definitions for 3 types or classes of gambling games. They are usually referred to as:
- Class I games
- Class II games
- Class III games
Congress passed the law to help Native American tribes and nations improve their economic status after more than a century of oppression and exclusion in mainstream US society. Many Native American groups wanted to build land-based casinos, which would not only attract tourists but create jobs.
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There was considerable resistance to this movement in many states, most of which did not allow gambling of any kind. To help resolve the conflicts and provide some clarity between treaties, state law, and federal law, the US government established a framework that eliminated some barriers to Native American investment in gambling industries. The law also provided some regulatory limits to respect state laws.
The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act introduced some confusion into the worldwide lexicon of gambling games because the distinctions are only observed within US jurisdictions. Other nations regulate gambling with different definitions.
But as the internet became a worldwide communications network in the 1990s and 2000s, most of the content published about gambling dealt with US law and casinos. Although non-US casinos have to observe their own laws and regulations, players who research gambling law on the internet must be careful to distinguish between USA gambling definitions and other gambling definitions.
What Are the 3 Classes of Gambling Games?
Class I gambling includes all traditional Native American gambling games, most of which are only used for ceremonial purposes or in the contexts of cultural-specific celebrations and ceremonies. These games, which are only available at small stakes, are completely regulated by the Native American tribes and nations.
Class II gambling includes all variations of bingo games, player-vs-player card games like poker (where the house does not play a hand in the game), tip jars, pull-tab games, punch card games, and anything similar. Some people mistakenly include lottery games in this category, but the law clearly excludes state-run lotteries and similar games from Class II.
Class III gambling consists of everything that is not included under Class I gambling or Class II gambling. That means the lottery games you play are Class III gambling games. Slot games, roulette, dice games, and card games like blackjack where the house is also a player all fall under the Class III gambling games category.
So How Can There Be Class II Slot Machine Games?
If you’ve ever visited a Native American casino–like the Winstar Casino in Oklahoma, you’ve almost certainly played some Class II slot machine games. They look much like traditional slot machine games. They have 3 to 5reels with symbols on them, they pay jackpots, and they do everything else you expect of a slot game.
And yet, they are not slot machine games.
A clever company in Franklin, TN, known as Video Gaming Technologies, or VGT, developed electronic bingo games for Native American casinos that use the results of those bingo games to emulate slot game action.
Electronic Bingo Machine Systems
In other words, the slot machine cabinets contain two screens, one that displays the results of the bingo game and one that displays the results of the simulated slot game. This dual visualization of the gambling game takes advantage of the fact that at the core of all gambling games is a simple principle:
You’re making a wager on an unknown outcome. What the Class II slot games do is take the result of the bingo game to determine what happens in the slot game.
What’s cool about this approach is that VGT was able to add bonus games to the bingo games that work like slot machine bonus games. They’ve developed a huge selection of bingo games that play like slot games. VGT is so successful they were acquired by Aristocrat Leisure Limited in 2014, although the former VGT still operates as an independent subsidiary company of Aristocrat.
How Do Class III Slot Machine Games Work?
The key to the hybridization of bingo and slot machine games is the Random Number Generator. Mathematicians have been developing algorithms to calculate unpredictable numbers for hundreds of years. For a detailed look at the concept, read “How Do Random Number Generators Work?” on Jackpots Online. Although the RNG does not produce a truly random number, in typical circumstances the number is random enough. Even so, slot game designers use random numbers in multiple ways.
Before I continue, I should mention that US law requires slot game designers to work by different rules from other countries’ slot games. In the United Kingdom, for example, the outcome of a slot game is determined by a single random number. In the United States, the outcome of the Class III slot game is determined by several random numbers.
To begin with, an electronic slot machine or online slot game uses a software concept called an array to represent each reel. Computer arrays work like rows of boxes, where each box holds one piece of information. The arrays for slot reels may have anywhere from 22 to 256 slots. Each slot in the array holds a symbol marker that tells the slot machine game what to display on the screen.
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Slot game designers use special algorithms to decide how often each type of symbol should appear in each slot array. The frequency of the symbol’s use in the array and the size of the array determine how likely or unlikely it is for any single spin of the slot game reels to create one or more winning combinations. The game’s software may award prizes for one or more winning combinations at a time, depending on how many pay lines the game offers.
The random number generator produces a new number every few milliseconds. The number is placed in a temporary memory location called a register. The slot game software grabs the latest random number from the register and uses that to determine what happens next. For example, a 5 reel slot game needs 5 random numbers to pick how many slot positions will be spun on each reel before the reels stop in new locations. If the slot game awards random prizes like progressive jackpots, these are determined by additional random numbers.
How Class II Slot Machine Games Differ from Class III Slot Machine Games
What VGT did was create bingo game software that determines the actual prizes awarded to players.
But to make the bingo games look like slot games, they used the bingo game’s random results as if they are the random numbers that Class III slot games use.
To ensure that the slot game winning combinations match the bingo game prize values the VGT games work more like slot games in the United Kingdom. The game determines what prize was won and then creates a short video simulation of the slots landing on that winning combination.
Conclusion
How do class II slot machines work?
Either way, the slot games award prizes on a random basis. You could say that US gaming laws are paranoid in that Class III slot game software is required to closely emulate the physical spinning of slot reels. In fact, physical slot reel games have been displaying results of these virtual, in-memory array games for more than 20 years. So even when you see physical reels spinning, their stop positions have already been determined within microseconds of your pressing SPIN.
The Class II slot gaming experience is a fun gaming experience.
But the bingo game is displayed on a small screen, because VGT’s designers have found that players don’t enjoy looking at bingo patterns as much as they enjoy looking at 3 to 5 reels spinning and stopping on various symbols.
For the player, what matters is that they’re gambling for real money on an unpredictable outcome–and they can enjoy an entertaining evening with friends or loved ones.
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| Form Name sort by: ( code | title | date ) | Period | Form |
|---|---|---|
| LAC 42:I.1701 - Statement of Department Policy | 4/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1703 - Definitions | 1/1999 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1705 - Eligibility of Charitable Gaming Licenses | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1707 - Application for a License to Conduct Charitable Gaming | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1709 - Expiration of License/Reissuance | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1711 - Manufacturer's Suitability and Business Relationships | 3/1986 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1713 - Revocation, Suspension, Restriction, Denial or Nonrenewal of Application | 3/1986 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1715 - Standards for Construction | 3/1986 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1719 - Assemble and Packaging | 3/1986 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1721 - Raffles | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1723 - Bingo Licensing Exemptions | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1725 - Miscellaneous | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1727 - Value of Prizes | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1729 - Transfer of Surplus Supplies | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1731 - Record Retention Requirements | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1733 - Separate Gaming Account | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1735 - License not Transferable | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1742 - Minimum Internal Accounting Control | 4/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1743 - Expenses | 4/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1744 - Bingo/Keno Cards and Bonanza Sheets | 4/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1745 - Licensing of Manufacturers and Distributors | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1747 - Application for Manufacturer's License | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1749 - Application for Distributor's License | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1751 - Applicant Suitability and Business Relationship | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1753 - Manufacturer's Distributor's Background Investigation | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1755 - Distributor's State Identification Stamp | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1757 - Timely Payment of Supplies; Penalty for Violation | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1761 - Reporting Requirements for License Holders | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1771 - Standards for Construction of Pull Tabs | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1773 - Assemble and Packaging of Pull Tabs | 3/1992 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1775 - Progressive Pull-Tabs | 12/2003 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1781 - Progressive Bingo | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1783 - Progressive Mega Jackpot Bingo | 2/1987 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1785 - Electronic Progressive Mega Jackpot Bingo | 4/1994 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1787 - Investigation of License Holders | 3/1992 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1789 - Suspension and Revocation of License Holders | 2/1996 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1791 - Rights to Fair Hearing | 2/1996 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1793 - Penalty Provisions | 10/2018 - present | Form |
| Form Name sort by: ( code | title | date ) | Period | Form |
|---|---|---|
| LAC 42:I.1801 - Statement of Department Policy | 11/1988 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1803 - Definitions and Terms | 11/1988 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1805 - Registration of Manufacturers, Distributors or Owners of Electronic Video Bingo Machines | 11/1988 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1807 - Permitting Process | 11/1988 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1809 - Machine, Hardware and Software Specifications | 11/1988 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1811 - Operation of Machines | 11/1988 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1813 - Fees | 11/1988 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1815 - Reporting and Record Requirements | 11/1988 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1817 - Enforcement and Regulation | 11/1988 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1819 - Administrative Proceedings and Adjudication | 11/1988 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1821 - Repeal of Previously Adopted Rules | 11/1988 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1901 - Definitions | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1903 - Licensing of Manufacturers, Distributors or Owners of Electronic Video Bingo Machines | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1905 - Permitting Process | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1907 - Permit Stamp, Machine Location | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1909 - Expiration of License/Reissuance | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1911 - Machine Specifications | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1913 - Software Information to be Provided to the Division | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1915 - Machine Testing | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1917 - Approval of Machines | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1919 - Machine Repair | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1921 - Inspection and Seizure of Machines | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1923 - Investigation of Permittee | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1925 - Prohibited Machines | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1931 - Possession of Electronic Video Bingo Machines | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1933 - Times of Machine Operation | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1935 - Combination of Interests Prohibited | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1941 - Reporting Requirements for EVB Manufacturers | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1943 - Reporting Requirements for EVB Distributors | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1945 - Reporting Requirements for Organizations Owning Electronic Bingo Machines | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1947 - Payment of Permit Fees | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1949 - Distributor's Payment to Organizations | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1951 - Record Retention Requirements of Electronic Video Bingo | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1953 - Dissemination of Information | 5/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.1955 - General Penalty Provision | 5/1991 - present | Form |
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| Form Name sort by: ( code | title | date ) | Period | Form |
|---|---|---|
| LAC 42:I.2101 - Definitions | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2103 - Registration of Man., Dist., or Owners of EBCDD | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2105 - Electronic Bingo Card Dabber Device Approval Process | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2107 - Equipment Malfunctions and Inspections | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2109 - Reporting and Record Requirements | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2111 - Enforcement | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| Form Name sort by: ( code | title | date ) | Period | Form |
|---|---|---|
| LAC 42:I.2201 - Licensing of Commercial Lessors | 8/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2203 - Background Investigation | 8/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2205 - Expiration of License/Reissuance | 8/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2207 - Gifts Prohibited | 8/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2209 - Prohibitions | 8/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2211 - Storage Lockers | 8/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2213 - Lease Agreement | 8/1991 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2215 - Combination of Interest Prohibited | 8/1991 - present | Form |
| Form Name sort by: ( code | title | date ) | Period | Form |
|---|---|---|
| LAC 42:I.2301 - Definitions | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2303 - Compliance | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2305 - Commencement of Activity | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2307 - License Required for Leasing Equipment | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2309 - Information Required; Unsuitability | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2311 - Leasing Equipment from Licensed Private Casino Contractors | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2313 - Specific License Required | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2315 - Organization Compliance | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2317 - Contracts | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2319 - Additional Consideration Prohibited | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2321 - Percentage Payments Prohibited | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2323 - Name Tags | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2325 - Authorized Games | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2327 - Wagering on Authorized Games Only | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2329 - Display of Rules | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2331 - Miscellaneous Provisions | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2333 - Tickets; Recordkeeping Requirements | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2335 - Accountability | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2337 - Imitation Money | 2/2006 - present | Form |
| LAC 42:I.2339 - Register of Workers | 2/2006 - present | Form |